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Assessment of Safety Measures in the Design and Utilization of X-ray Diagnostic Radiography in Some Hospitals in Kaduna State       

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– Assessment of Safety Measures in the Design and Utilization of X-ray Diagnostic Radiography in Some Hospitals in Kaduna State  –

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Abstract

This study is aimed at the assessment of sawdust activated carbon in the treatment of aquaculture effluent with various objectives which includes the determination of the SAC properties, effluent parameters, effect of operating conditions and application of relevant adsorption isotherms.

The sawdust was first precarbonized at 500?C, then impregnated with potassium carbonate (activating agent) and activated at 450?C in a furnace.

The surface morphology of the sawdust activated carbon (SAC) was determined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) which showed a very porous media. It was further characterized using BET surface area at 77K, and the resulting surface area was 831.83?2 /g.

The acquaculture effluent (AE) was found to be very polluted compared to the NESREA discharge standard, in COD, TSS, BOD, NITRATES and lead (II) ion.

An optimization studies was done using batch treatment process at varying dosage, time and initial concentrations, and the optimum treatment dosage and time were found to be 2g/l at 60minutes which gave an overall 83.33% reduction of COD, 90.80% reduction of BOD, 73.24% removal of nitrate(??3 ), 93.23% removal 0f TSS, and 99.35% removal of lead (Pb) ions.

According to the ? 2 values, the kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process was a pseudo second order reaction with a ? 2 value of 0.99.

After the assessment, it was found that among other uses of sawdust, it is also a good precursor for the production of activated carbon, which is has been found in this study to be a good treatment media for the treatment of the polluted aquaculture effluent prior to its disposal into the environment. 

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Aquaculture can be described as the production of aquatic organisms, both plant and animal under controlled or semi-controlled conditions (Summerfelt, 2003).

However, Adewumi(2015), defined aquaculture practice in Nigeria as the rearing of fish in an enclosed and fairly shallow body of water where all its life processes are being controlled.

According to Sanjaya (2013), untreated aquaculture effluent generally contains high levels of organic material, numerous pathogenic micro-organisms, as well as nutrient and its indiscriminate discharge may lead to serious environmental and health hazards if not treated appropriately before final disposal.

Therefore, as the population increases and aquaculture practice expands, it is important to provide for an adequate waste management strategy to ensure a favourable environmental condition.

Typical wastewater from an aquaculture facility may include feaces and nutrients from excretion by aquatic animals, as well as uneaten feeds and chemicals such as drugs and cleanser residues (Boyd, 2003). 

Aquacultural effluents contains dissolved and suspended solids that are basically oxygen demanding materials which makes the effluent to be high in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and nutrients like phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) which stems from fish excretion, feaces, and uneaten feed (Boyd, 2000).

Overtime, significant discharge of this untreated effluent into lakes, rivers, estuaries or any other receiving waters could cause adverse environmental impacts such as eutrophication. 17 

Although, there is a suggestion on the re-use of aquaculture effluent (Yeo et al., 2004), which includes its use in irrigation of crops, but this has been found to be impractical in urban areas where aquaculture is striving but crop farming is done on a very small scale.

Therefore, since discharge of aquaculture effluent is inevitable, several environmental protection agencies and Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) which advocates, educates and demonstrates responsible aquaculture practices for the industry, have recommended waste water treatment and also set an effluent discharge limit (Boyd and Gautier, 2000). 

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