Co-infection of Hiv And Hbv Among Pregnant Women Attending Ante-natal Care in Some Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

Description

– Co-infection of Hiv And Hbv Among Pregnant Women Attending Ante-natal Care in Some Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria –

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Abstract

The transmission routes and some risk factors that are associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are also associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.

The HIV-infected pregnant cohort represents a unique population and infection with HBV is considered a public health problem worldwide.

This study was conducted to determine the sero-prevalence of HIV and HBV and co-infection of both viruses among pregnant women in Kaduna, Nigeria.

Eight hundred (800) pregnant women attending ante-natal care in four selected hospitals were recruited for this study.

Blood samples were collected and tested for presence of HIV antibodies and Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using Determine HIV 1 and 2 rapid test kit and First Response antigen detection kits respectively.

The positive HIV blood were retested using Unigold and analyzed for CD4 counts, while positive HBsAg plasma was confirmed using ELISA and tested for various markers of hepatitis B virus.

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Human immunodefficiency virus (HIV) types 1 and 2 are lentiviruses belonging to the family Retroviridae, and the etiologic agents of acquired immune defficiency syndrome (AIDS). vThe acquired immune syndrome was first described in 1981, and HIV-1 was isolated by the end of 1983 (Brooks et al., 2010).

Human Immunodefficiency Virus attacks the body’s immune system. Normally, the immune system produces white blood cells and antibodies that attack viruses and bacteria. The infection fighting cells are called T-cell lymphocytes. Months to years after a person is infected with HIV, the virus destroys all the T-cell lymphocytes.

This disables the immune system to defend the body against diseases and tumors. Various infections will be able to develop, these opportunistic infections take advantage of the body’s weakened immune system.

These infections which normally not cause severe or fatal health problems will eventually cause the death of the HIV patient (FMOH, 2010a).  Infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a widespread problem. Epidemiological survey showed that about 5% of the world populations are asymptomatic carriers (Omer, 1995).

Chronic HBV infection is a major cause of mortality and 50% of chronic carriers are expected to die from the disease due to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (Omer,1995).

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