Energy Benchmarking and Carbon Footprint Reduction Opportunities in Portland Cement Manufacturing Processes in Nigeria

Description

– Energy Benchmarking and Carbon Footprint Reduction Opportunities in Portland Cement Manufacturing Processes in Nigeria –

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Abstract

Energy benchmarking and carbon footprint reduction opportunities in Portland cement manufacturing processes in Nigeria are presented. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)  is used to estimate the environmental impact of three cement manufacturing processes in Nigeria.

The energy consumption of the cement manufacturing processes are evaluated using energy Benchmarking and Energy Savings Tool for cement (BEST-Cement).

BEST-Cement evaluates and compares the energy consumption of the cement manufacturing processes in Nigeria to China (world largest producer of cement) and International energy benchmark practices.

Energy Conservation Supply  Curves (ECSC) were used to evaluate energy and emission reduction mitigations measures through the application of energy efficient measures/technological changes.

A list of 34 energy efficiency measures/technologies were applied as per the technological requirement of each cement manufacturing process technology in constructing an Energy Conservation Supply Curve (ECSC).

The carbon footprint of 1 tonne  of Portland cement produced by the wet, semi-wet and dry cement manufacturing processes in Nigeria estimated using the 100 years Global Warming Potential (GWP) value are 871 kg of CO₂ Eq, 694.45 kg CO₂ Eq and 621 kg of CO₂ Eq respectively per tonne.

The average technical potential for thermal and electrical energy savings for the three cement manufacturing processes, when compared to International cement manufacturing energy benchmarks, were 35% and 39.27%.

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Climate change is increasingly being recognized as a major global challenge, and many organizations and individuals are actively trying to quantify their impact and also reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions due to their activities (Doyle, 2009).

It is widely accepted that products and services that human beings utilize indirectly or directly generate GHG emissions.

The GHG emissions from anthropogenic sources are on the rise and thus warming up the planet causing adverse change in weather conditions and patterns around the world (GHG Schemes Addressing Climate Change, 2011).

The extensive use of fossil energy resources in world manufacturing industry contribute significant amount of GHG emissions to the environment (World Energy Resources, 2013). One of such manufacturing process that contributes to the generation of GHG emission is cement manufacturing.

Cement manufacture is a major mineral commodity industry and cement production process is a highly energy intensive process (Ohunakin et al, 2012).

The energy consumed by world cement industry is estimated at about 2% of the global primary energy consumption, which is equal to 5% of the total world industrial energy consumption (Worrell et al, 2001).

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