Epidemiology and Transmission Patterns of Schistosoma Haematobium Infections in Central Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Description

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Abstract

Study on epidemiology and transmission patterns of Schistosoma haematobium infections were carried out between July, 2013 and April, 2014 in 16 out of 47 communities making up Ebonyi Central zone Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

This is to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection and its transmission patterns among the inhabitants of Ebonyi Central senatorial zone.

Centrifugation method was employed to determine intensity of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in 10ml of urine. An overall prevalence of 19.0% (n = 342) was observed among the 1800 people examined.

Infection was recorded in all the communities in the study area with Enyibichiri community (32.2%) recording the highest prevalence followed by Umuoghara community (25.5%) while Oshugbu community with 6.6% had the least prevalence.

Across communities, the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection differed significantly. More males 225(20.3%) than females 117(16.9%) were significantly infected in all the communities with haematuria as the predominate presenting symptoms.

Introduction

Schistosomiasis also known as Bilharziasis is a parasitic disease caused by infection from one of species of parasitic trematodes (Flukes) of the genus Schistosoma (Noble and Glem, 1982).

The worm was discovered by Theodore Bilharz (a German pathologist) while performing autopsy in Cairo-Egypt. The name Schistosoma was coined by Weinland to reflect its shape which is a cleft (Shisto) and body (Soma).

The disease is now commonly known as schistosomiasis or Bilharziasis as suggested by Jordan and Webbe (1993).

It is one of the most common parasitic infections in the world (Gracio et al., 1992) particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, ranking second only to malaria in terms of its social-economic and public health importance in tropical and subtropical areas (Ogbe, 2002).

It has been estimated that schistosomiasis occurs in 77 countries of Africa, Middle East, India, South and Central America and that more than 237 million people in tropical and sub-tropical regions are infected by the disease (World Health Organization, WHO, 2012; Huw et al., 2004; Chitsulo et al., 2000).

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