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Knowledge and Practice of Standard Precaution among Nurses (PDF)

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– Knowledge and Practice of Standard Precaution among Nurses –

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Abstract

The practice of standard precautions among Health Care Workers (HCWs) in public health facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria was evaluated.

A cross-sectional survey of 277 HCWs was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Of 277 participants, 83(29.96%) were doctors; 194(70.04%) were nurses.

Median age (years) of doctors was 34(IQR: 30, 39), while nurses was 39(IQR: 33; 45). Median years of experience for doctors was 7(IQR: 4; 10) while nurses was 15(IQR: 9; 20). 16.61% participants had knowledge of the basic concept of standard precautions. 42.24% knew potential sources of occupational exposure.

The association between the knowledge and area of practice was significant (p=0.011). 97.46% practiced hand washing; 97.83% reported regular use of hand gloves; 88.44% use gown or plastic apron; 68.95% use masks and eye protector.

The major factor reported for non-adherence was non-availability of the materials. Practice of recapping used needle was common among doctors than nurses (p=0.01). 32.53% of doctors and 28.87% of nurses had ≥1 dose of hepatitis-B vaccine; the difference in hepatitis-B immunization status of doctors and nurses was not significant (p=0.556).

The knowledge of standard precautions among HCWs was suboptimal. Except for mask and eye protector, the use of PPE was good.

Non-availability of materials was the major cause of poor compliance. The HCWs hepatitis-B vaccination status was poor. Capacity development of HCWs and a comprehensive infection prevention and control program were recommended.

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

According to Hauswirth (2010) standard precautions are a set of infection control practices used to prevent transmission of diseases that can be acquired by contact with blood, body fluids non-intact skin (including rashes) and mucus membranes.

Standard precautions are employed to minimize the spread of infection in the clinical setting. As stated by Stephen (2008). Standard precautions represent the last line of defense for patient from micro-organisms during clinical procedures.

The goal of standard precautions is to protect patient who is potentially vulnerable to infection due to their low resistant status.

Standard precautions is a set of specific practices and procedures performed under carefully controlled conditions with the goal of minimizing contamination by pathogens (Alexander, 2008) (Smith, 2009) stated that the relationship between Nursing and infection control was first identified by Florence nightingale during the Crimean war when she served in a millitany hospital in scutary in Italy.

Typically, situations that call for standard precautionary measure include; surgery and the insertion of intravenous lines, passing of catheters, insertion of drains and wound dressing and delivery of babies in labour rooms.

The concept of standard precautions can be applied to any clinical setting as pathogens may introduce infection to the patient through contact with the environment, personnel or equipments.

In a study carried out by Arenas (2009), on the level of knowledge of standard precautions among nurses in New Zealand.

The researcher observed that a total of 977 opportunities of applying standard precautions such as hand washing and wearing  of gloves following  Patients oriented activity and 1,902 opportunities to wash hands before such an activity.

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