The Effect of Atmosphere on Earth-space Radiowave Propagation Studies of Tropical Satellite Communication in Nigeria

Description

– The Effect of Atmosphere on Earth-space Radiowave Propagation Studies of Tropical Satellite Communication in Nigeria –

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Abstract

Among other atmospheric region, ionosphere, which is the ionized region of the atmosphere, is considered to impose serious limitation on radio wave transmission while the effect of other layers, more especially, the troposphere is often treated as negligible.

At higher frequency, radio waves pass through the ionosphere and are attenuated due to the free electrons present in it.

However, recent studies have shown that while the ionospheric disturbances can be predicted on a global scale, tropospheric disturbances depend on geographic location due to dependence of local meteorology on surface topography and other specific location weather forcing.

A number of models has been used by many researchers in the investigating of atmospheric attenuation. The objective of this thesis is to discuss the atmospheric effects on high frequency radio waves between 10 and 50 GHz propagating on earth-space in the troposphere for 12 locations in Nigeria,

investigating the attenuation and losses it may come across like attenuation due to atmospheric gases, rain, clouds and tropospheric scintillation and comparing them with the model used by the researchers. 

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Satellite communication is normally thought of as a robust means of communication, not sensitive to environment impacts. This perception is not totally accurate. Satellite communication can be and is affected by the environment in which it operates.

Space environment effects on satellite communication can be separated into (1) effects on the space element (i.e. the satellite), (2) effects on the ground element (i.e. the Earth station), and (3) effects on the signals propagating through the Earth’s lower and upper atmosphere. 

The propagating signal may be affected by its passage through the ionosphere (upper atmosphere) or the troposphere (lower atmosphere). These effects depend significantly on frequency, but include signal absorption, scintillation, Faraday rotation and bandwidth decoherence.

Geographic location and signal propagation path can also determine the extent to which the signal is affected. The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere that extends from 70 to 500 km in altitude.

It is a region where some of the atoms have had their outer electrons removed by extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray radiation coming from the sun. The atmosphere is thus said to be partially ionized – hence the name, ionosphere. The ionosphere usually consists of four layers but two layers are more important in radio propagation.

Troposphere is the lower most layer of the atmosphere adjacent to the earth’s surface and contains approximately 80% of the atmosphere’s mass and 99% of its water vapour and aerosols. This layer extends up to about 14-17 km in the tropical region and becomes shallower towards polar region.

It is the layer that determines the daily weather cycle of the earth. Within the troposphere there is generally a gradual fall in temperature with increasing altitude and most of the turbulent mixing occurs in this region. The refractive index of the air in the atmosphere plays a dominant role in microwave signal propagation over earth-space path.  

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