Construction of A Zircon- Cement Pad and Calibration Of Portable Survey Meters for Environmental Radiation Measurements

Description

– Construction of A Zircon- Cement Pad and Calibration Of Portable Survey Meters for Environmental Radiation Measurements –

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Abstract

 Zircon sand, a by-product of tin mining was collected from N’gell valley Tin Mining Company at 42km along Barikin Ladi road in Plateau State. The sand was characterized for activity content using NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. The activity of thorium in the zircon sand was 9726.151±20.16Bq/kg, while that of radium-was 538.848±10.08Bq/kg.

The activity of cement was found to be very minimal with radium being 23.124±1.636Bq/kg, potassium 4.648±1.446Bq/kg and thorium 34.845±1.655Bq/kg.

A ratio of two parts zircon sand to one part cement was thoroughly mixed with water to construct the calibration slab. Measurement of the activity over the slab from equidistant positions from the center shows that activity was uniformly distributed.

The theoretical dose-rates at different heights from the center were calculated and were used to derive the calibration factor for different detectors available.

The calibration factors for the three detectors are LUDLUM NaI(Tl) survey meter 0.509, X-ray and Gamma radiation ATK1120 0.233 and RDS-120 survey meter .39.

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Radioactivity could be defined as the spontaneous emission of ionizing particles or gamma rays when some nuclei known as radionuclides disintegrate.

From time immemorial man has been exposed to natural radiation from the environment. There are two main sources of natural radiation; they are cosmic and terrestrial radiations.

As a matter of fact, it is not possible to categorically say whether the natural background radiation has been beneficial or harmful to the development of the human species.

What could be deduced is that a small but finite fraction of the natural mutations in cells must be beneficial since it leads to the evolution of higher life while on the other hand most of all genetic mutations lead to genetic defect and genetic death.

It is obvious that these two effects have achieved some sort of balance since man has evolved to his present state despite background radiation or even because of it (Alan and Harbison, 1988). Radiation, which reaches the earth from outer space, is known as cosmic radiation.

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