Larvicidal Activity of Picralima nitida, an Approach in Malarial Vector Control

Description

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Abstract

Mosquitoes constitute a serious Public Health menace, resulting in millions of death worldwide each year. Emergence of insecticide resistant strains of the mosquitoes poses a serious threat and hence calls for alternative control measures.

This study assessed the larvicidal efficacy of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of different parts of Picralima nitida against the 4th instar larvae of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.

Larvicidal activities of the leaf, seed and pulp of the plant were therefore studied on laboratory reared larvae of A. gambiae at concentration ranges of 0.5 mg/ml to 5.0 mg/ml. The LC50 and LC95 values were obtained from probit analysis using SPSS version 16.0, at 95% confidence limit (CL).

The Median Relative Potency of the extracts was also obtained using probit analysis at (P ≤0.05). Results of the study indicated that the LC50 and LC95 values of the aqueous leaf extracts were 3.14 mg/ml and 42.15 mg/ml at 24 h, 0.35 mg/ml and 4.73 mg/ml at 48 h and 0.16 mg/ml and 2.20 mg/ml at 72 h.

A lower larvicidal activity was however observed with the methanolic leaf extract: LC50 value of 48.38 mg/ml, 15.82 mg/ml and 0.33 mg/ml at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h respectively.

Introduction

Mosquitoes are vectors of disease causing agents found within almost all tropical and subtropical countries.

They are responsible for the transmission of pathogens causing some of the life threatening and debilitating diseases of man, such as; malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya, filariasis, encephalitis, etc (Chandra et al., 2008; ICMR, 2003).

Beatty et al., 2007, reported that fifty-five percent (55%) of the world’s population are at risk of mosquito borne diseases in 124 countries.

According to WHO/UNICEF (2005) first comprehensive report on the Roll Back Malaria partnership, malaria is endemic in 117 countries with some 3.2 billion people living in risk areas all over the world.

It further states that each year, there are about 350- 500 million clinical cases of malaria worldwide with over 1 million death. About 59% of all clinical cases occur in Africa, 38% in Asia, and 3% in the Americas.

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