Structural and Paleostress Analysis of the Upper Cretaceous Afikpo Syncline, South-Eastern Nigeria

Description

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Abstract

Detailed field based structural, fracture and paleostress analysis were carried out on Cenomanian to Maastrichtian units forming the Afikpo syncline structure. Three fracture systems were isolated from analysis of fracture orientations and thier field relationships:

Pre-folding (JT), Syn-Folding (JS) and Post Folding (JC) fracture systems. Paleostress analysis carried out on these fracture systems using the TENSOR™ software tool (Delvaux & Sperner, 2003) yielded three paleostress tensors corresponding to three stress regime periods:

A Cenomanian to Turonian transtensional stress tensor with a ENE-WSW direction of maximum extension (S_HMIN), a Santonian Oblique Compressive (transpressional) tensor with NW-SE direction of maximum shortening (S_HMAX), and a Campanian to Maastrichtian transtensional tensor with WNW-ESE direction of maximum extension (S_HMIN).

These tensors are related to the prevailing plate tectonic stress regimes affecting the entire Benue trough and the West and Central African Rift System (WCARS) in the period considered.

Introduction

Even though a century of geological studies have enabled a broad understanding the geology of the Benue Trough, it was only in the latter part of the 20^th century that a picture of the structural framework, within which the Benue trough evolved, began to emerge.

The controversies surrounding the tectonic evolution of the Benue Trough have been largely resolved, with the overwhelming evidence leaning towards the interpretation of the so called French school of structural Geologists.

Which sees the Benue trough as a collection of pull apart basins related to transcurrent or strike-slip movement along deep-seated  basement shear zones of Pan African origin reactivated as oceanic transform faults (Benkhelil, 1982, 1989; Guiraud, 1993).

This view is supported by field evidence in the Northern Benue trough where the climate and the nature of the sedimentary units allow for classic geologic study.

In the Southern Benue Trough, the fine grained nature of most of the units and the dense vegetation as a result of a wet tropical climate have hindered field studies and created a missing link in the proper explanation of the structural framework of the basin.

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